Climate Change: Understanding the Basics

What is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to the long-term warming of the planet due to an increase in average global temperatures. This phenomenon has been occurring over the past century, with a significant increase in the last few decades. The term “climate change” encompasses not only rising temperatures but also changes in precipitation patterns, sea-level rise, and shifts in weather extremes.

Causes of Climate Change

The primary cause of climate change is the increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth’s atmosphere. GHGs, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming effect on the planet. The main sources of these emissions are:

Source	Percentage of Global Emissions
Fossil fuel combustion (coal, oil, gas)	65%
Land use changes (deforestation, urbanization)	15%
Industrial processes (cement production, steel manufacturing)	5%
Agriculture (livestock, rice cultivation)	3%

Effects of Climate Change

The consequences of climate change are far-reaching and devastating. Some of the most significant effects include:

Sea-Level Rise

• Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities, islands, and low-lying areas
• Increased risk of flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources

Extreme Weather Events

• Intensified heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires
• More frequent and severe storms, heavy rainfall events, and landslides

Impacts on Ecosystems and Biodiversity

• Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt delicate ecosystem balances
• Many plant and animal species are at risk of extinction due to climate change-induced habitat loss and altered migration patterns

Consequences for Human Health and Economy

Climate change has significant implications for human health, economy, and security. Some of the most pressing concerns include:

Heat-Related Illnesses and Mortality

• Increased heat stress, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke-related deaths
• Higher risk of respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health issues

Economic Impacts

• Estimated global losses due to climate change: $14 trillion by 2100
• Disruptions to food production, trade, and transportation networks
• Potential for economic instability and conflict over resources

What Can We Do?

While the situation may seem dire, there are many actions individuals, communities, and governments can take to mitigate and adapt to climate change:

Reduce GHG Emissions

• Transition to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro)
• Increase energy efficiency in buildings and industries
• Electrify transportation and promote sustainable land use practices

Invest in Climate-Resilient Infrastructure

• Develop early warning systems for extreme weather events
• Implement flood protection measures and coastal resilience strategies
• Support climate-resilient agriculture and forestry practices

Educate, Advocate, and Engage

• Raise awareness about climate change and its impacts
• Encourage policy changes to address the crisis
• Support research and development of climate-friendly technologies